SOCIAL STIGMATIZATION OF CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE SURVIVORS: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

The article analyzes social stigmatization as a key factor of retraumatization for individuals who survived conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV). Theoretical foundations of stigmatization phenomenon are considered from E. Goffman’s classification to modern concepts of self-stigmatization and victim-blaming. Special attention is given to war context specifics, where traditional stigma typology (“bodily deformities”, “character flaws”, “stigma of ancestry”) acquires new meanings. Based on empirical research (N=640, November 2022 – December 2023), it was established that 10–43% of Ukrainians endorse stereotypical beliefs about CRSV: from “family shame” myth (20% do not deny) to victimblaming (“women provoke soldiers”, 20%) and belief in possibility to avoid violence from armed invaders (43.1%). Correlation analysis revealed significant links between peacetime patriarchal myths and their transfer to wartime context (r=0.150–0.496, p≤0.05). Men demonstrate higher stereotyping levels (Mann-Whitney U, p≤0.001), while age correlations (r=0.105–0.378, p≤0.001) indicate generational differences. It is proven that stigmatization creates multilevel barriers to help-seeking: public stigma provokes social isolation, anticipated stigma restrains seeking support, internalized stigma intensifies self-blame and PTSD symptoms. Research results provide empirical basis for developing psychoeducational programs, trauma-informed care protocols, and state policy to counter gender-based violence.